Meanwhile, the Calabrian city of Reggio Calabria was last in the rankings.

ISTAT’s analysis of 14 metropolitan cities - where 36.2 per cent of the population lives - showed a predominance of northern and central urban centres with indicators above the national average.

Disadvantages prevailed in Southern Italy, with the positive exception of Cagliari, in Sardinia.

Rome was in an intermediate position in the quality-of-life survey.

The capital is “dividing” cities in the centre-north and the south, with advantages in 54.8 per cent of indicators, including the environment and quality of services, but also “strong contrasts”.

Reggio Calabria recorded the highest share of disadvantages (79 per cent) followed by Catania, Napoli and Messina.

ANSA